Urakoze gusura Kamere.com.Ukoresha verisiyo ya mushakisha hamwe na CSS igarukira.Kuburambe bwiza, turagusaba ko ukoresha mushakisha ivuguruye (cyangwa ugahagarika uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo muri Internet Explorer).Mubyongeyeho, kugirango tumenye inkunga ihoraho, twerekana urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Abashoferi berekana ingingo eshatu kuri slide.Koresha inyuma na buto ikurikira kugirango unyuze kumurongo, cyangwa utubuto twa slide mugenzuzi kugirango urangire unyuze kuri buri slide.
Vuba aha byerekanwe ko gukoresha ultrasound bishobora kongera umusaruro winyama muri ultrasound-yongerewe imbaraga ya inshinge nziza ya biopsy (USeFNAB) ugereranije na biopsy isanzwe ya inshinge nziza (FNAB).Isano riri hagati ya bevel geometrie nigikorwa cyinshinge ntigikorwa.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasesenguye imiterere ya urushinge resonance hamwe na amplitude ya deflection ya geometrie itandukanye ya inshinge zifite uburebure butandukanye.Ukoresheje lancet isanzwe hamwe na 3,9 mm yaciwe, imbaraga zo guhanagura (DPR) zari 220 na 105 µm / W mu kirere no mumazi.Ibi birarenze axisymmetric 4mm ya bevel, yageze kuri DPR ya 180 na 80 µm / W mukirere n'amazi.Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza akamaro k'umubano uri hagati yo kugonda gukomera kwa geometrike mu rwego rwibikoresho bitandukanye byinjizwamo, bityo bikaba bishobora gutanga ubushishozi muburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa nyuma yo gutobora uhindura urushinge rwa bevel geometrie, rukomeye kuri USeFNAB.Ibibazo byo gusaba.
Biopsy nziza ya inshinge nziza (FNAB) nubuhanga bukoreshwa inshinge kugirango haboneke icyitegererezo cyama tissue mugihe gikekwa ko bidasanzwe 1,2,3.Impanuro zo mu bwoko bwa Franseen zerekanwe gutanga imikorere yo kwisuzumisha kuruta inama za Lancet4 na Menghini5.Axisymmetric (ni ukuvuga umuzenguruko) bevels nayo yasabwe kongera amahirwe yikigereranyo gihagije cya histopathology6.
Mugihe cya biopsy, urushinge runyuzwa mubice byuruhu nuduce kugirango bigaragaze indwara iteye inkeke.Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekanye ko gukora ultrasonic bishobora kugabanya imbaraga zo gutobora zisabwa kugira ngo zigere ku ngingo zoroshye 7,8,9,10.Urushinge rwa bevel geometrie rwerekanwe ko rugira ingaruka kumikorere y'urushinge, urugero: imirongo miremire yerekanwe ko ifite imbaraga zo kwinjira mubice 11.Byagaragaye ko nyuma yuko urushinge rwinjiye mu gice cyinyuma, ni ukuvuga nyuma yo gutobora, imbaraga zo gukata urushinge zishobora kuba 75% yingufu zose zikorana12.Ultrasound (US) yerekanwe kunoza ireme rya bopsy yoroheje yo kwisuzumisha mugice cya nyuma yo gutoboka13.Ubundi buryo bwo kuzamura ubwiza bwamagufwa ya biopsy bwateguwe kugirango habeho ingirabuzimafatizo 14,15 ariko nta bisubizo byatangajwe byongera ubwiza bwa biopsy.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye kandi ko kwimura imashini byiyongera hamwe no kongera ingufu za ultrasound ya voltage16,17,18.Nubwo hariho ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwimbaraga za axial (longitudinal) static mumikoranire ya inshinge-tissue19,20, ubushakashatsi kubyerekeranye ningaruka zigihe gito na urushinge rwa bevel geometrie muri ultrasonic yazamuye FNAB (USeFNAB) ni bike.
Icyari kigamijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugukora ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za geometrike zitandukanye ku bikorwa byinshinge ziterwa no guhinduranya urushinge kuri ultrasonic.By'umwihariko, twakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka ziterwa no gutera inshinge nyuma yo gutobora inshinge zisanzwe (urugero, lancets), axisymmetric na asimmetric imwe ya bevel geometrie (Ishusho kugirango tworohereze iterambere rya inshinge za USeFNAB kubikorwa bitandukanye nko guswera guhitamo. kwinjira cyangwa nuclei yoroshye.
Ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa bevel geometrie yashyizwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.. impamyabumenyi, muri dogere (\ (^ \ umuzenguruko \))..
Uburyo bwacu ni ukubanza kwerekana ihinduka ryuburebure bwumurongo ugana kumurongo wa lancet isanzwe, axisymmetric, na asimmetric imwe-etape ya geometrie.Twahise tubara ubushakashatsi bwibanze kugirango dusuzume ingaruka zinguni ya bevel hamwe nuburebure bwa tube kumikorere ya transport.Ibi bikorwa kugirango umenye uburebure bwiza bwo gukora urushinge rwa prototype.Hashingiwe ku kwigana, hakozwe prototypes y'urushinge kandi imyitwarire yabo yumvikana mu kirere, amazi, na 10% (w / v) ballistic gelatine yaranzwe no kugerageza gupima coefficente yerekana imbaraga za voltage no kubara uburyo bwo guhererekanya amashanyarazi, aho ibikorwa byakorwaga yiyemeje..Hanyuma, amashusho yihuta akoreshwa mugupima mu buryo butaziguye ihindagurika ry'umuhengeri uhetamye hejuru y'urushinge mu kirere no mu mazi, no kugereranya ingufu z'amashanyarazi zanduzwa na buri cyerekezo hamwe na geometrike ya deforisiyo (DPR) geometrie yatewe giciriritse.
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2a, koresha umuyoboro wa 21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, uburebure bwa mm 0,155 mm, urukuta rusanzwe nkuko bigaragara muri ISO 9626: 201621) bikozwe mu byuma 316 bidafite ingese (Modulus 205).\ (\ inyandiko {GN / m} ^ {2} \), ubucucike 8070 kg / m \ (^ {3} \), igipimo cya Poisson 0.275).
Kugena uburebure bwikurikiranya no guhuza icyitegererezo cyanyuma (FEM) cyurushinge nimbibi.(a) Kumenya uburebure bwa bevel (BL) n'uburebure bwa pipe (TL).. kuri buri nama (\ (\ tilde {u} _y \ vec {j} \), \ (\ tilde {v} _y \ vec {j} \)) kubara uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu.\ (\ lambda _y \) bisobanurwa nkuburebure bwikurikiranya bujyanye nimbaraga zihagaritse \ (\ tilde {F} _y \ vec {j} \)..
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.2b, c, kumurongo utagira umupaka (utagira umupaka) ufite igice cyambukiranya igice A no ku burebure bunini ugereranije nubunini bwambukiranya igice, urumuri (cyangwa rugoramye) umuvuduko wicyiciro \ (c_ {EI} \ ) bisobanurwa nka 22:
aho E ni Modulus ya Young (\ (\ inyandiko {N / m} ^ {2} \)), \ (\ omega _0 = 2 \ pi f_0 \) ni inshuro ishimishije inshuro (rad / s), aho \ (f_0 \) numurongo wumurongo (1 / s cyangwa Hz), Ndi umwanya wa inertia yakarere gakikije umurongo winyungu \ ((\ inyandiko {m} ^ {4}) \) na \ (m '= \ rho _0 A \) ni misa ku burebure bwa kg (kg / m), aho \ (\ rho _0 \) nubucucike \ ((\ inyandiko {kg / m} ^ {3}) \) na A ni umusaraba -ubuso butandukanye bwibiti (xy indege) (\ (\ inyandiko {m} ^ {2} \)).Kubera ko muritwe imbaraga zikoreshwa zirasa na vertical y-axis, ni ukuvuga \ (\ tilde {F} _y \ vec {j} \), dushishikajwe gusa nigihe cyo kutagira inerti yakarere gakikije horizontal x- axis, ni ukuvuga \ (I_ {xx} \), Niyo mpamvu:
Kuri moderi yibintu bitagira ingano (FEM), hafatwa icyerekezo cyiza cyo guhuza (m), bityo kwihuta (\ (\ inyandiko {m / s} ^ {2} \)) bigaragazwa nka \ (\ igice ^ 2 \ vec {u} / \ igice t ^ 2 = - \ omega ^ 2 \ vec {u} \), urugero \ (\ vec {u} (x, y, z, t): = u_x \ vec {i} + u_y \ vec {j} + u_z \ vec {k} \) ni icyerekezo cyimibare itatu yimurwa cyasobanuwe mumirongo ihuza.Gusimbuza ibya nyuma nuburyo bwa Lagrangian bwahinduwe neza bwamategeko agenga umuvuduko 23, ukurikije ishyirwa mubikorwa ryayo muri software ya COMSOL Multiphysics software (verisiyo 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc, Massachusetts, USA), itanga:
Aho \ (\ vec {\ nabla}: = \ frac {\ igice}} {\ igice x} \ vec {i} + \ frac {\ igice}} {\ igice y} \ vec {j} + \ frac { \ igice} {N / m} ^ {2} \)), na \ (\ vec {F_V}: = F_ {V_x} \ vec {i} + F_ {V_y} \ vec {j} + F_ {V_z} \ vec { k} \) ni vector yingufu zumubiri (\ (\ inyandiko {N / m} ^ {3} \)) ya buri jwi ridahinduka, kandi \ (e ^ {j \ phi} \) nicyiciro cya imbaraga z'umubiri, ifite inguni yicyiciro \ (\ phi \) (rad).Ku bitureba, imbaraga z'umubiri ni zeru, kandi icyitegererezo cyacu gifata umurongo wa geometrike hamwe na déformations ntoya gusa, ni ukuvuga \ ({\ umurongo {\ varepsilon}} ^ {el} = {\ umurongo {\ varepsilon}} \ ), aho \ ({\ umurongo {\ varepsilon}} ^ {el} \) na \ ({\ umurongo {Hooke igizwe na isotropic elastique tensor \ (\ umurongo {\ umurongo {C)) \) iboneka ukoresheje Modulus E (\ (\ inyandiko {N / m} ^ {2} \)) kandi igipimo cya Poisson v cyasobanuwe, kugirango \ (\ umurongo {Kubara rero guhangayika bihinduka \ ({\ umurongo {\ sigma}}: = \ umurongo {\ umurongo {C}}: {\ umurongo {\ varepsilon}} \).
Ibarura ryakozwe hamwe na 10-node ya tetrahedral ifite ubunini bwa element \ (\ le \) 8 µm.Urushinge rugereranwa mu cyuho, kandi agaciro ka transfert yimodoka (ms-1 H-1) isobanurwa ngo \ (| \ tilde {Y} _ {v_yF_y} | = | \ tilde {v} _y \ vec {j} | / | \ tilde {F} _y \ vec {j} | \) 24, aha \ \ \ \ F} _y \ vec {j} \) nimbaraga zikomeye zo gutwara ziherereye kumpera yegereye umuyoboro, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2b.Imikorere yimikorere ya transimive igaragarira muri decibels (dB) ukoresheje agaciro ntarengwa nkibisobanuro, ni ukuvuga \ (20 \ log _ {10} (| \ tilde {Y} | / | \ tilde {Y} _ {max} |) \ ), Inyigo zose za FEM zakozwe kuri frequence ya 29.75 kHz.
Igishushanyo cy'urushinge (Igishusho 3) kigizwe n'urushinge rusanzwe rwa 21 rwo mu bwoko bwa hypodermic (katalogi nomero: 4665643, Sterikani \ chromium-nikel ibyuma bitagira umuyonga 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Ubudage) yashyize amaboko ya pulasitiki Luer Lock yakozwe na polypropilene yegeranye hamwe no guhindura inama.Umuyoboro w'urushinge ugurishwa kuri waveguide nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3b.Umuhengeri wacapishijwe ku icapiro rya 3D ridafite ingese (EOS Stainless Steel 316L kuri printer ya 3D ya EOS M 290, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finlande) hanyuma ihuzwa na sensor ya Langevin ukoresheje M4 bolts.Langevin transducer igizwe nibintu 8 bya piezoelectric impeta ifite uburemere bubiri kuri buri mpera.
Ubwoko bune bwinama (ku ifoto), lancet iboneka mubucuruzi (L), hamwe na bitatu byakozwe na axisymmetric imwe yicyiciro kimwe (AX1–3) byaranzwe nuburebure bwa bevel (BL) bwa 4, 1.2, na 0.5 mm.(a) Gufunga hafi y'urushinge rwuzuye..
Inama eshatu zitwa axisymmetric bevel (Igishusho 3) (TAs Machine Tool Oy) yakozwe nuburebure bwa bevel (BL, igaragazwa nishusho 2a) ya 4.0, 1.2 na 0.5 mm, bihuye na \ (\ hafi \) 2 \ (^ \ umuzenguruko \), 7 \ (^ \ umuzenguruko \) na 18 \ (^ \ umuzenguruko \).Uburemere bwa waveguide na stylus ni 3,4 ± 0,017 g (bivuze ± SD, n = 4) kuri bevel L na AX1–3, (Quintix \ (^ \ circledR \) 224 Igishushanyo 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Ubudage).Uburebure bwose kuva ku isonga ry'urushinge kugeza ku musozo wa plastike ni 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm kuri beveri L na AX1-3 ku gishushanyo cya 3b.
Kuburyo bwa inshinge zose, uburebure kuva kumutwe wurushinge kugeza kumutwe wa waveguide (nukuvuga ahantu hagurishwa) ni cm 4.3, naho umuyoboro winshinge werekeza kuburyo bevel ireba hejuru (nukuvuga, ugereranije na Y axis ).), nko muri (Ishusho 2).
Inyandiko yihariye muri MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc, Massachusetts, USA) ikorera kuri mudasobwa (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) yakoreshejwe mu kubyara umurongo wa sinusoidal kuva kuri 25 kugeza kuri 35 kHz mu masegonda 7, Byahinduwe mubimenyetso bisa na digitale-igereranya (DA) ihindura (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).Ikimenyetso gisa \ (V_0 \) (0.5 Vp-p) noneho cyongerewe imbaraga hamwe na radiyo yihariye (RF) yongerewe imbaraga (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finlande).Kugabanuka kwongera imbaraga za \ Transducer ya Langevin (imbere ninyuma yinyuma ya piezoelectric transducers, yuzuye misa) ikoreshwa mukubyara imashini.Imikorere ya RF amplifier ifite ibikoresho bibiri byumuyoboro uhagaze (SWR) metero ishobora kumenya ibyabaye \ ({V_I} \) kandi ikagaragaza ingufu za voltage zongerewe \ (V_R \) binyuze muri 300 kHz igereranya-na-digitale (AD ) uhindura (Analog Discovery 2).Ikimenyetso cyo kwishima ni amplitude yahinduwe mugitangiriro no kumpera kugirango wirinde kurenza urugero ibyinjijwe byinjira hamwe nababimuye.
Ukoresheje inyandiko yihariye yashyizwe mubikorwa muri MATLAB, imikorere yo gusubiza inshuro (AFC), ni ukuvuga gufata umurongo uhagaze.Kandi, koresha umurongo wa 20 kugeza kuri 40 kHz bande ya filteri kugirango ukureho inshuro zose udashaka mubimenyetso.Urebye ku murongo wohereza umurongo, \ (\ tilde {H} (f) \) muriki kibazo uhwanye na coefficient de voltage yerekana, ni ukuvuga \ (\ rho _ {V} \ equiv {V_R} / {V_I} \) 26 .Kubera ko impedance isohoka ya amplifier \ (Z_0 \) ihuye nimbogamizi yinjiza yubatswe muri transformateur ihindura, kandi coefficente yerekana imbaraga z'amashanyarazi \ ({P_R} / {P_I} \) yagabanutse kuri \ ({V_R} ^ 2 / {V_I} ^ 2 \), noneho ni \ (| \ rho _ {V} | ^ 2 \).Mugihe hagomba gusabwa agaciro ntarengwa k'ingufu z'amashanyarazi, bara ibyabaye \ (P_I \) kandi bigaragaze \ (P_R \) imbaraga (W) ufata umuzi bivuze kare (rms) agaciro ka voltage ihuye, urugero, kumurongo wohereza hamwe nibyishimo bya sinusoidal, \ (P = {V} ^ 2 / (2Z_0) \) 26, aho \ (Z_0 \) bingana na 50 \ (\ Omega \).Imbaraga z'amashanyarazi zagejejwe ku mutwaro \ (P_T \) (ni ukuvuga uburyo bwinjijwemo) zishobora kubarwa nka \ (| P_I - P_R | \) (W RMS) kandi uburyo bwo kohereza amashanyarazi (PTE) bushobora gusobanurwa no kugaragazwa nka a ijanisha (%) bityo ritanga 27:
Igisubizo cyakoreshejwe noneho mukugereranya modal frequency \ (f_ {1-3} \) (kHz) yuburyo bwa stylus hamwe nuburyo bwo guhererekanya ingufu, \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {1 {-} 3} \) .FWHM (\ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {1 {-} 3} \), Hz) byagereranijwe biturutse kuri \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {1 {-} 3} \), uhereye ku mbonerahamwe ya 1 inshuro \ (f_ {1-3} \) byasobanuwe muri.
Uburyo bwo gupima inshuro (AFC) yuburyo bwa acicular.Ibipimo bibiri-byapimwe-bipima 25,38 bikoreshwa kugirango ubone igisubizo cyibisubizo byinshyi \ (\ tilde {H} (f) \) hamwe nigisubizo cyacyo H (t).\.\ (\ tilde {G} (f) \) bivuze ko ibimenyetso byombi byikubye murwego rwumurongo, urugero \ ) \) hamwe na voltage yamanuka \ (\ tilde {X} (f) \).
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.5, kamera yihuta (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc, New Jersey, USA) ifite ibikoresho bya macro (MP-E 65mm, \ (f) /2.8, 1-5 \ (\ inshuro \), Canon Inc .Gukora ikarita igicucu, ikintu gikonje cyumubyimba mwinshi LED (igice cyumubare: 4052899910881, Led Yera, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Ubudage) yashyizwe inyuma yigitereko cyurushinge.
Imbere yo kureba igerageza.Ubujyakuzimu bupimirwa kubitangazamakuru.Imiterere y'urushinge ifatanye kandi igashyirwa kumeza yoherejwe na moteri.Koresha kamera yihuta ifite lens yo hejuru (5 \ (\ inshuro \)) kugirango upime gutandukana kw'isonga ryaciwe.Ibipimo byose biri muri milimetero.
Kuri buri bwoko bwinshinge, twanditseho kamera 300 yihuta ya kamera yama kadamu ya 128 \ (\ x \) 128 pigiseli, buri kimwe gifite imiterere ya 1/180 mm (\ (\ hafi) 5 µm), hamwe nicyemezo cyigihe gito ya 310.000 kumurongo kumasegonda.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6, buri kantu (1) karahinzwe (2) kuburyo inama iri kumurongo wanyuma (hepfo) yikadiri, hanyuma hakabaho amateka ya histogramu yishusho (3), bityo Canny akarenga 1 na 2 irashobora kugenwa.Noneho shyira Canny28 (4) kumpande ukoresheje Sobel ukoresha 3 \ (\ inshuro \) 3 hanyuma ubare umwanya wa pigiseli ya hypotenuse itari cavitational (yanditseho \ (\ mathbf {\ inshuro} \)) kuri intambwe zose zirenga 300 .Kugirango umenye igihe cyo gutandukana kurangiye, inkomoko irabaze (ukoresheje itandukaniro hagati ya algorithm) (6) kandi ikadiri irimo extrema yaho (ni ukuvuga impinga) yo gutandukana (7) iramenyekana.Nyuma yo kugenzura muburyo butagaragara, impande ebyiri (cyangwa amakaramu abiri yatandukanijwe nigice cyigihe) muri Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) ukoresheje algorithm ya OpenCV Canny edge detection (v4.5.1, isomero rifungura isoko rya mudasobwa, opencv.org). .
Gutandukanya inama byapimwe hifashishijwe urukurikirane rw'amakadiri yakuwe kuri kamera yihuta kuri 310 kHz ukoresheje algorithm yintambwe 7 (1-7) harimo gushushanya (1-2), Canny edge detection (3-4), pigiseli yumwanya wa pigiseli kubara (5) nibibikomokaho (6), hanyuma amaherezo yo guhanagura impinga yapimwe kubipimisho byagenzuwe mubice bibiri (7).
Ibipimo byafatiwe mu kirere (22.4-22.9 ° C), amazi ya deyoniya (20.8-21.5 ° C) na gelatine ya ballistine 10% (w / v) (19.7-23.0 ° C, \ (\ inyandiko {Honeywell} ^ {\ inyandiko {}}} \) \Ubushyuhe bwapimwe hamwe na K yo mu bwoko bwa K bwo kongera imbaraga (AD595, Analog Devices Inc, MA, USA) hamwe na K yo mu bwoko bwa K (Fluke 80PK-1 Isaro rya No 3648 ubwoko bwa K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Uhereye kuri ubujyakuzimu bwapimwe uhereye hejuru (washyizweho nkinkomoko ya z-axis) ukoresheje icyiciro cya moteri ya z-axis (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd, Vilnius, Lituwaniya) ikemurwa na 5 µm.ku ntambwe.
Kubera ko urugero rw'icyitegererezo rwari ruto (n = 5) kandi ubusanzwe ntirwashoboraga gutekerezwa, hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo cyikitegererezo cyibiri bibiri umurizo wa Wilcoxon igipimo cyamafaranga (R, v4.0.3, R Fondasiyo yo Kubara Ibarurishamibare, r-umushinga .org). kugereranya ingano ya inshinge inshinge zingingo zitandukanye.Hariho ibigereranyo 3 kuri buri murongo, bityo ikosora rya Bonferroni ryakoreshejwe hamwe n’urwego rwahinduwe rwa 0.017 hamwe n’ikosa rya 5%.
Reka noneho duhindukire ku gishushanyo cya 7.Kuri frequence ya 29,75 kHz, igice cyunamye igice (\ (\ lambda_y / 2 \)) cyurushinge rwa 21 ni \ (\ hafi) mm 8.Mugihe umuntu yegera isonga, uburebure bwumurongo bugabanuka kuruhande rwa oblique.Ku isonga \ (\ lambda _y / 2 \) \ (\ hafi \) hari intambwe ya 3, 1 na 7 mm kuri lanceolate isanzwe (a), asimmetric (b) na axisymmetric (c) impengamiro y'urushinge rumwe .Rero, ibi bivuze ko intera ya lancet ari \ (\ hafi) mm 5 (bitewe nuko indege ebyiri za lancet zigize ingingo imwe 29,30), umuyonga wa asimmetrike ni mm 7, umuyonga wa asimmetric ni 1 mm.Ahantu hahanamye (hagati yububasha bwogukomeza guhoraho, gusa uburebure bwurukuta rwumuyoboro burahinduka kumurongo).
FEM yiga no gushyira mubikorwa ibingana kuri 29,75 kHz.. ).Impuzandengo yagaciro \ (\ lambda_y / 2 \) ya lancet, asimmetric, na axisymmetric bevel yari 5.65, 5.17, na 7.52 mm.Menya ko ubunini bwinama bwa asimmetric na axisymmetric bevels bugarukira kuri \ (\ hafi) 50 µm.
Kugenda hejuru \ (| \ tilde {Y} _ {v_yF_y} | \) nuburyo bwiza bwo guhuza uburebure bwa TL (TL) nuburebure bwa bevel (BL) (Ishusho 8, 9).Kuri lancet isanzwe, kubera ko ingano yayo yagenwe, TL nziza ni \ (\ hafi) 29.1 mm (Ishusho 8).Kubijyanye na asimmetrike na axisymmetric (Igicapo 9a, b, kimwe), ubushakashatsi bwa FEM bwarimo BL kuva kuri mm 1 kugeza kuri 7, bityo rero TL nziza yari kuva kuri 26.9 kugeza kuri 28.7 mm (intera 1.8 mm) no kuva kuri 27.9 kugeza kuri 29 .2 mm (intera 1,3 mm).Ku burebure bwa asimmetrike (Igicapo 9a), TL nziza yiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, igera mu kibaya kuri mm 4 mm, hanyuma igabanuka cyane kuva kuri BL 5 kugeza kuri 7 mm.Kuri bevel ya axisymmetric (Igicapo 9b), TL nziza yiyongereye kumurongo hamwe no kwiyongera kwa BL hanyuma amaherezo ihagarara kuri BL kuva kuri 6 kugeza kuri 7 mm.Ubushakashatsi bwagutse bwerekeranye na axisymmetric tilt (Igicapo 9c) bwerekanye uburyo butandukanye bwa TL nziza kuri \ (\ hafi) 35.1–37.1 mm.Kuri BLs zose, intera iri hagati ya TL ebyiri nziza ni \ (\ hafi \) 8mm (bihwanye na \ (\ lambda_y / 2 \)).
Ikwirakwizwa rya Lancet kuri 29,75 kHz.Urushinge rwashimishijwe byimazeyo na 29,75 kHz kandi kunyeganyega byapimwe hejuru yurushinge kandi bigaragazwa nkubunini bwimikorere ya mashini yanduye (dB ugereranije nagaciro ntarengwa) kuri TL 26.5-29.5 (muri 0.1 mm yiyongera) .
Ubushakashatsi bwa Parametricike bwa FEM kuri 29,75 kHz yerekana ko ihererekanyabubasha ryumutwe wa axisymmetric ridakorwa cyane nihinduka ryuburebure bwigituba kuruta mugenzi we udasanzwe.Uburebure bwa Bevel (BL) n'uburebure bwa pipe (TL) ubushakashatsi bwa asimmetric (a) na axisymmetric (b, c) geometrike ya bevel mubushakashatsi bwakorewe kuri domaine ukoresheje FEM (imiterere yimipaka irerekanwa kumashusho 2).(a, b) TL yari hagati ya 26.5 na 29.5 mm (intambwe 0.1 mm) na BL 1-7 mm (intambwe 0,5 mm)..kwimuka imipaka.
Ibikoresho by'urushinge bifite eigenfrequency eshatu \ (f_ {1-3} \) bigabanijwemo uturere duto, two hagati ndetse nuburyo bwo hejuru nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Ingano ya PTE yanditswe nkuko bigaragara ku mutini.10 hanyuma ugasesengurwa ku gishushanyo cya 11. Hano haribisubizo kuri buri gace kerekana:
Ubusanzwe byanditswemo imbaraga zo guhererekanya ingufu (PTE) amplitude yabonetse hamwe na swus-frequency sinusoidal ishimishije kuri lancet (L) hamwe na axymmetric bevel AX1-3 mukirere, amazi na gelatine mubwimbye bwa mm 20.Uruhande rumwe rwerekanwe.Ibipimo byapimwe byapimwe (byapimwe kuri 300 kHz) byari bike-byungurujwe hanyuma bigabanywa kubintu 200 byo gusesengura muburyo.Ikigereranyo cyerekana-urusaku ni \ (\ le \) 45 dB.Ibyiciro bya PTE (umurongo utudomo utukura) byerekanwe kuri dogere (\ (^ {\ umuzenguruko} \)).
Isesengura ryibisubizo byuburyo (bivuze iation gutandukana bisanzwe, n = 5) byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 10, ahantu hahanamye L na AX1-3, mu kirere, amazi na gelatine 10% (ubujyakuzimu bwa mm 20), hamwe (hejuru) uturere dutatu () hasi, hagati na hejuru) hamwe na modal ya modal ihuye \ (f_ {1-3} \) (kHz), (impuzandengo) ingufu zingufu \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {1 {-} 3} \) Kubarwa ukoresheje ibingana .(4) na (hepfo) ubugari bwuzuye kuri kimwe cya kabiri cyapimwe \Menya ko igipimo cyagutse cyasibwe mugihe PTE yanditswe, ni ukuvuga \ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {1} \) mugihe AX2 ihanamye.Uburyo bwa \ (f_2 \) wasangaga aribwo bukwiriye cyane kugereranya gutandukana, kuko bwerekanaga urwego rwo hejuru rwogukwirakwiza amashanyarazi (\ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {2} \)), kugeza 99%.
Intara yambere ya modal: \ (f_1 \) ntabwo biterwa cyane nubwoko bwikigereranyo cyinjijwe, ariko biterwa na geometrie yumusozi.\ (f_1 \) igabanuka hamwe no kugabanya uburebure bwa bevel (27.1, 26.2 na 25.9 kHz mukirere kuri AX1-3).Impuzandengo y'akarere \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {1} \) na \ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {1} \) ni \ (\ hafi \) 81% na 230 Hz.\ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {1} \) ifite gelatine nyinshi muri Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Menya ko \ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {1} \) AX2 muri gelatine ntishobora gusuzumwa kubera amplitude make ya FRF yanditse.
Agace ka kabiri modal: \ (f_2 \) biterwa nubwoko bwitangazamakuru ryinjijwe na bevel.Impuzandengo y'agaciro \ (f_2 \) ni 29.1, 27.9 na 28.5 kHz mu kirere, amazi na gelatine.Aka karere ka modal kandi kerekanye PTE ndende ya 99%, isumba ayandi matsinda yose yapimwe, hamwe mukarere ka 84%.\ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {2} \) ifite impuzandengo y'akarere ya \ (\ hafi \) 910 Hz.
Agace ka gatatu k'akarere: inshuro \ (f_3 \) biterwa n'ubwoko bw'itangazamakuru na bevel.Impuzandengo ya \ (f_3 \) ni 32.0, 31.0 na 31.3 kHz mu kirere, amazi na gelatine.Ikigereranyo cya \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {3} \) impuzandengo yakarere yari \ (\ hafi \) 74%, hasi cyane mukarere kose.Impuzandengo y'akarere \ (\ inyandiko {FWHM} _ {3} \) ni \ (\ hafi \) 1085 Hz, ikaba isumba uturere twa mbere n'uwa kabiri.
       Ibikurikira bivuga ku gishushanyo.12 na Imbonerahamwe 2. Lancet (L) yahinduye byinshi (bifite akamaro kanini ku nama zose, \ (p <\) 0.017) haba mu kirere no mu mazi (Ishusho 12a), igera kuri DPR ndende (kugeza kuri 220 µm / W mu kirere). 12 na Imbonerahamwe 2. Lancet (L) yahinduye byinshi (bifite akamaro kanini ku nama zose, \ (p <\) 0.017) haba mu kirere no mu mazi (Ishusho 12a), igera kuri DPR ndende (kugeza kuri 220 µm / W mu kirere). Следующее относится к рис уу 12 и не 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значимостью для всех наконечников, \ (p <\) 0,017) как в возухе, так и во ва ва. . Ibikurikira bikurikizwa ku gishushanyo cya 12 no ku mbonerahamwe ya 2. Lancet (L) yahinduye byinshi (bifite akamaro kanini ku nama zose, \ (p <\) 0.017) haba mu kirere no mu mazi (Ishusho 12a), igera kuri DPR yo hejuru.(kora 220 μm / W mu kirere).Smt.Igishushanyo cya 12 na Imbonerahamwe 2 hepfo.柳叶 刀 (L) 在 空气 和 水中 偏转 最多 对 所有 尖端 (((p <\) 0.017） （图 12a） ， 实现 DPR （柳叶 刀 (L) ifite gutandukana cyane mu kirere no mu mazi (对 所 记 尖端 可以 高 电影 性, \ ​​(p <\) 0.017) (图 12a), kandi yageze kuri DPR ndende (kugeza kuri 220 µm / W muri ikirere). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \ (p <\) 0,017) воздухе и воде (рис. 12а), достигая наибольшего DPR (до 220 вк). Lancet (L) yahinduye byinshi (bifite akamaro kanini ku nama zose, \ (p <\) 0.017) mu kirere no mu mazi (Ishusho 12a), igera kuri DPR ndende (kugeza kuri 220 µm / W mu kirere). Mu kirere, AX1 yari ifite BL yo hejuru, yerekeje hejuru ya AX2–3 (ifite akamaro, \ (p <\) 0.017), naho AX3 (yari ifite BL yo hasi) yahinduye ibirenga AX2 hamwe na DPR ya 190 µm / W. Mu kirere, AX1 yari ifite BL yo hejuru, yerekeje hejuru ya AX2–3 (ifite akamaro, \ (p <\) 0.017), naho AX3 (yari ifite BL yo hasi) yahinduye ibirenga AX2 hamwe na DPR ya 190 µm / W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \ (p <\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым низким BL) отклонялся больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мк. Mu kirere, AX1 ifite BL ihanamye hejuru ya AX2–3 (ifite akamaro \ (p <\) 0.017), mugihe AX3 (ifite BL yo hasi) yahinduye ibirenze AX2 hamwe na DPR 190 µm / W.在 空气 中 ， 具有 更高 BL 的 AX1 比 AX2-3 偏转 更高 （具有 显 着 ， \ (p <\) 0.017） ， 而 AX3 （ 。 Mu kirere, gutandukana kwa AX1 hamwe na BL biri hejuru kurenza AX2-3 (ku buryo bugaragara, \ (p <\) 0.017), kandi gutandukana kwa AX3 (hamwe na BL yo hasi) biruta ibya AX2, DPR ni 190 µm / W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \ (p <\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым низким BL) отклоняется больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм. Mu kirere, AX1 ifite BL yo hejuru ihindura ibirenze AX2-3 (bifite akamaro, \ (p <\) 0.017), mugihe AX3 (hamwe na BL yo hasi) ihindura ibirenze AX2 hamwe na DPR 190 μm / W.Ku mazi 20 mm, gutandukana na PTE AX1–3 ntabwo byari bitandukanye cyane (\ (p> \) 0.017).Urwego rwa PTE mu mazi (90.2-98.4%) muri rusange rwari hejuru ugereranije no mu kirere (56-77.5%) (Ishusho 12c), kandi ikibazo cya cavitation cyagaragaye mu gihe cyo gukora ubushakashatsi mu mazi (Ishusho 13, reba kandi inyongera amakuru).
Ingano yo gutandukana (bivuze ± SD, n = 5) yapimwe kuri bevel L na AX1-3 mukirere n'amazi (ubujyakuzimu bwa mm 20) byerekana ingaruka zo guhindura geometrie.Ibipimo byabonetse hakoreshejwe umurongo umwe rukumbi wa sinusoidal..(c) Gukwirakwiza ingufu (PTE, RMS,%) yingero..
Ubusanzwe kamera yihuta ya kamera yerekana igicucu cyerekana impanuka (umurongo wicyatsi nicyatsi gitukura utudomo) ya lancet (L) hamwe na axisymmetric tip (AX1–3) mumazi (uburebure bwa mm 20) hejuru yikigice.kuzenguruka, kuri kwishima inshuro \ (f_2 \) (icyitegererezo cya 310 kHz).Ishusho ya graycale yafashwe ifite ubunini bwa 128 × 128 pigiseli hamwe na pigiseli ya \ (\ hafi \) 5 µm.Video irashobora kuboneka mumakuru yinyongera.
Niyo mpamvu, twerekanye impinduka mu burebure bwikurikiranya (Isanamu 7) hanyuma tubara uburyo bwimuka bwimuka bwimuka bwo guhuza uburebure bwa pipe na chamfer (Igicapo 8, 9) kuri lancet isanzwe, asimmetric na axisymmetric chamfers ya geometrike.Dufatiye ku cya nyuma, twagereranije intera nziza ya mm 43 (cyangwa \ (\ hafi) 2.75 \ (\ lambda _y \) kuri 29,75 kHz) kuva ku isonga kugeza kuri weld, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5, maze dukora axisymmetric eshatu ibishishwa bifite uburebure butandukanye.Twahise turanga imyitwarire yabo inshuro nyinshi mukirere, amazi, na 10% (w / v) ballistine ya ballistique ugereranije na lancets zisanzwe (Isanamu 10, 11) hanyuma tugena uburyo bukwiranye no kugereranya gutandukana.Hanyuma, twapimye icyerekezo cyo guhindagurika twunamye mu kirere no mu mazi ku bujyakuzimu bwa mm 20 hanyuma tugereranya uburyo bwo kohereza amashanyarazi (PTE,%) hamwe n’ingufu zituruka ku mashanyarazi (DPR, µm / W) zo gushyiramo uburyo bwo gushyiramo buri cyuma.ubwoko bw'imfuruka (Ishusho 12).
Urushinge rwa bevel geometrie rwerekanwe ko rugira ingaruka kumubare winshinge.Lancet yageze ku gutandukana cyane na DPR yo hejuru ugereranije na bevel ya axisymmetric hamwe no kugabanuka kugereranije (Ishusho 12).Imyenda ya mm 4 ya axisymmetric (AX1) hamwe na beveri ndende yageze ku mibare ihanitse cyane yo mu kirere ugereranije n’izindi nshinge za axisymmetric (AX2–3) (\ (p <0.017 \), Imbonerahamwe 2), ariko nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye .kugaragara iyo urushinge rushyizwe mumazi.Kubwibyo, nta nyungu igaragara yo kugira uburebure bwa bevel ndende mubijyanye no gutandukana kwimpinga.Hamwe nibitekerezo, bigaragara ko geometrie ya bevel yize muri ubu bushakashatsi igira ingaruka zikomeye ku gutandukana kuruta uburebure bwa beveri.Ibi birashobora guterwa no kunama gukomera, kurugero bitewe nubunini rusange bwibintu byunamye hamwe nigishushanyo cya inshinge.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ubushakashatsi, ubunini bwikigero cyerekana flexural bugira ingaruka kumipaka yisonga.Iyo inshinge y'urushinge yinjijwe mumazi na gelatine, \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {2} \) ni \ (\ hafi \) 95%, na \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {2} \) ni \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {2} \) indangagaciro ni 73% na 77% kuri (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {1} \) na \ (\ inyandiko {PTE} _ {3} \), kimwe (Isanamu 11).Ibi byerekana ko ihererekanyabubasha ryinshi ryingufu za acoustic kumashanyarazi, ni ukuvuga amazi cyangwa gelatine, bibaho kuri \ (f_2 \).Imyitwarire nkiyi yagaragaye mubushakashatsi bwabanje31 ikoresheje ibikoresho byoroheje byifashishwa muburyo bwa 41-43 kHz, aho abanditsi berekanaga ko biterwa na coefficente ya voltage yerekana imbaraga za modulike yuburyo bwo gushyiramo.Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse32 hamwe nubukanishi bwimikorere ya tissue bitanga umutwaro wa mashini kurushinge bityo bikaba byitezwe ko bigira ingaruka kumyitwarire ya UZEFNAB.Rero, resonance ikurikirana algorithms (urugero 17, 18, 33) irashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere imbaraga za acoustic zitangwa binyuze murushinge.
Kwigana kugunama k'uburebure (Isanamu 7) byerekana ko inama ya axisymmetric yubatswe muburyo bukomeye (nukuvuga, gukomera mukunama) kuruta lancet na bevel asimmetric.Dushingiye kuri (1) no gukoresha isano izwi yihuta-yumurongo, turagereranya gukomera kwunamye hejuru yurushinge nka \ (\ hafi \) 200, 20 na 1500 MPa kuri lancet, indege zidasanzwe hamwe na axial.Ibi bihuye na \ (\ lambda_y \) ya \ (\ hafi \) 5.3, 1.7, na 14.2 mm, kuri 29,75 kHz (Ishusho 7a - c).Urebye umutekano w’amavuriro mugihe cya USeFNAB, hagomba gusuzumwa ingaruka za geometrie ku miterere yimiterere yindege ihindagurika.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bipimo bya beveri ugereranije n'uburebure bw'igituba (Igicapo 9) bwerekanye ko uburyo bwiza bwo kwanduza bwari hejuru kuri beveri ya asimmetrike (1.8 mm) kuruta kuri axymmetric bevel (1,3 mm).Mubyongeyeho, kugenda birahagaze kuri \ (\ hafi) kuva kuri 4 kugeza kuri 4,5 mm no kuva kuri mm 6 kugeza kuri 7 kuri tike ya asimmetric na axisymmetric, (Ishusho 9a, b).Ubusobanuro bufatika bwubuvumbuzi bugaragarira mubikorwa byo kwihanganira inganda, kurugero, urwego rwo hasi rwa optimal TL rushobora gusobanura ko uburebure burebure busabwa.Muri icyo gihe, ikibanza cyimuka gitanga kwihanganira cyane guhitamo uburebure bwibiza kumurongo runaka nta ngaruka nini bigira.
Ubushakashatsi bukubiyemo imbogamizi zikurikira.Gupima mu buryo butaziguye ukoresheje inshinge ukoresheje amashusho yerekana amashusho yihuta (Ishusho ya 12) bivuze ko tugarukira gusa mubitangazamakuru bisobanutse neza nk'umwuka n'amazi.Turashaka kandi kwerekana ko tutakoresheje igeragezwa kugirango tugerageze kwimuka kwimurwa no kugereranya, ariko twakoresheje ubushakashatsi bwa FEM kugirango tumenye uburebure bwiza bwo guhimba inshinge.Kubijyanye nimbogamizi zifatika, uburebure bwa lancet kuva kumutwe kugeza ku ntoki ni \ (\ hafi) cm 0.4 z'uburebure kurenza izindi nshinge (AX1-3), reba umutini.3b.Ibi birashobora kugira ingaruka muburyo bwo gushushanya inshinge.Byongeye kandi, imiterere nubunini bwabagurisha kumpera ya pin ya waveguide (reba Ishusho ya 3) irashobora kugira ingaruka kumikorere yimashini ya pin, ikazana amakosa muburyo bwo gukanika no kwitonda.
Hanyuma, twerekanye ko igeragezwa rya bevel geometrie igira ingaruka kumubare wo gutandukana muri USeFNAB.Niba gutandukana kwinshi kwagira ingaruka nziza ku ngaruka zurushinge ku ngingo, nko guca neza nyuma yo gutobora, noneho lancet isanzwe irashobora gusabwa muri USeFNAB kuko itanga gutandukana kwinshi mugihe ikomeza gukomera bihagije kumutwe..Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa 35 bwerekanye ko guhanagura inama bishobora kongera ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima nka cavitation, bishobora kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ibikorwa byo kubaga byibasiye.Bitewe nuko kongera ingufu za acoustique byagaragaye ko byongera umusaruro wa biopsy muri USeFNAB13, hakenewe ubundi bushakashatsi bwimbitse bwumusaruro wintangarugero nubuziranenge burakenewe kugirango harebwe inyungu zamavuriro ya geometrie yize.