Ubuhanga bushya bwo gusikana butanga amashusho nibisobanuro birambuye bishobora guhindura imyigire ya anatomiya yabantu.
Paul Taforo abonye amashusho ye ya mbere yubushakashatsi bwa COVID-19 yibasiwe n’umucyo, yatekereje ko yananiwe.Umuganga wa paleontologue mumahugurwa, Taforo yamaze amezi akorana namakipe yo mu Burayi kugirango yihutishe ibice byihuta mu misozi miremire yo mu Bufaransa mu bikoresho byo gusikana ubuvuzi.
Hari mu mpera za Gicurasi 2020, kandi abahanga bashishikajwe no kumva neza uburyo COVID-19 yangiza ingingo z'umuntu.Taforo yahawe inshingano yo gushyiraho uburyo bushobora gukoresha imirasire X-ifite ingufu nyinshi zakozwe n’ikigo cy’uburayi cyitwa Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) i Grenoble, mu Bufaransa.Nkumuhanga wa ESRF, yahinduye imbibi za x-imirasire yumucyo mwinshi wibimera na mumyasi yumye.Noneho yatinyaga misa yoroshye, ifatanye yigitambaro cyimpapuro.
Amashusho yaberetse birambuye kurenza ubuvuzi bwa CT bwubuvuzi bari barigeze kubona mbere, bubafasha gutsinda icyuho cyinangiye muburyo abahanga nabaganga biyumvisha kandi bakumva ingingo zabantu.“Mu bitabo bya anatomiya, iyo ubibonye, ​​ni binini, ni bito, kandi ni amashusho meza ashushanyije intoki kubera impamvu imwe: ni ibisobanuro by'ubuhanzi kuko tudafite amashusho.” (UCL) )..Umushakashatsi mukuru Claire Walsh yavuze.“Ku nshuro ya mbere dushobora gukora ikintu nyacyo.”
Taforo na Walsh bagize itsinda mpuzamahanga ryabashakashatsi barenga 30 bakoze ubuhanga bukomeye bwo gusikana X-ray bwitwa Hierarchical Phase Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT).Hamwe na hamwe, amaherezo arashobora kuva mumubiri wuzuye wumuntu akajya muburyo bwagutse bwimitsi mito mito yumubiri cyangwa selile.
Ubu buryo bumaze gutanga ubumenyi bushya bwukuntu COVID-19 yangiza kandi igahindura imiyoboro y'amaraso mu bihaha.Nubwo ibyerekezo byigihe kirekire bigoye kubimenya kuko ntakintu nka HiP-CT cyigeze kibaho mbere, abashakashatsi bashimishijwe nubushobozi bwabo barimo bashishikarira gutekereza uburyo bushya bwo gusobanukirwa indwara no gushushanya anatomiya yabantu hamwe nikarita yuzuye ya topografiya.
Inzobere mu bijyanye n'indwara z'umutima UCL, Andrew Cooke yagize ati: “Abantu benshi bashobora gutangazwa no kuba tumaze imyaka amagana twiga anatomiya y'umutima, ariko nta bwumvikane ku miterere isanzwe y'umutima, cyane cyane umutima cells Ingirabuzimafatizo n'imitsi ihinduka. igihe umutima utera. ”
Ati: "Nategereje umwuga wanjye wose."
Tekinike ya HiP-CT yatangiye igihe abapologiste babiri b'Abadage bahatanira gukurikirana ingaruka zo guhana virusi ya SARS-CoV-2 ku mubiri w'umuntu.
Danny Jonigk, inzobere mu kuvura indwara zo mu bwoko bwa thoracic mu ishuri ry’ubuvuzi rya Hannover, na Maximilian Ackermann, inzobere mu bijyanye n’indwara zo mu kigo cy’ubuvuzi cya kaminuza Mainz, bari maso cyane kuko amakuru y’indwara idasanzwe y’umusonga yatangiye gukwirakwira mu Bushinwa.Bombi bari bafite uburambe bwo kuvura indwara y'ibihaha kandi bahise bamenya ko COVID-19 idasanzwe.Abashakanye bahangayikishijwe cyane cyane na raporo za “hypoxia icecekeye” yatumaga abarwayi ba COVID-19 badakomeza kuba maso ariko bigatuma ogisijeni mu maraso igabanuka.
Ackermann na Jonig bakeka ko SARS-CoV-2 hari ukuntu yibasira imiyoboro y'amaraso mu bihaha.Igihe iyi ndwara yakwirakwira mu Budage muri Werurwe 2020, abashakanye batangiye kwisuzumisha ku bahohotewe na COVID-19.Bidatinze, bapimye hypothesis mu mitsi batera inshinge mu ngero za tissue hanyuma bashonga ingirangingo muri aside, hasigara urugero nyarwo rw'imitsi y'umwimerere.
Bakoresheje ubwo buhanga, Ackermann na Jonigk bagereranije ingirangingo zabantu batapfuye kuri COVID-19 niz'abantu bapfuye.Bahise babona ko mu bahohotewe na COVID-19, imiyoboro ntoya y'amaraso mu bihaha yagoretse ikongera ikubakwa.Ibi bisubizo byingenzi, byasohotse kumurongo muri Gicurasi 2020, byerekana ko COVID-19 atari indwara yubuhumekero, ahubwo ko ari indwara yimitsi ishobora gufata ingingo mumubiri.
Ackermann, inzobere mu bijyanye n'indwara ukomoka mu gace ka Wuppertal, mu Budage yagize ati: "Iyo unyuze mu mubiri ugahuza imiyoboro y'amaraso yose, ubona ibirometero 60.000 kugeza 70.000, bikaba bikubye kabiri intera ikikije ekwateri.".Yongeyeho ko niba 1 ku ijana gusa by'imiyoboro y'amaraso byibasiwe na virusi, umuvuduko w'amaraso ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza ogisijeni byahungabana, bikaba byaviramo ingaruka mbi ku ngingo zose.
Jonigk na Ackermann bamaze kumenya ingaruka za COVID-19 ku mitsi y'amaraso, basanze bakeneye kumva neza ibyangiritse.
Ubuvuzi x-imirasire, nka CT scan, burashobora gutanga ibitekerezo byingingo zose, ariko ntibishobora gukemurwa bihagije.Biopsy yemerera abahanga gusuzuma ingero za tissue munsi ya microscope, ariko amashusho yavuyemo agereranya agace gato k'urugingo rwose kandi ntashobora kwerekana uburyo COVID-19 ikura mubihaha.Kandi tekinike ya resin itsinda ryateje imbere risaba gushonga tissue, isenya icyitegererezo kandi igabanya ubushakashatsi.
Jonigk washinze yagize ati: “Iyo umunsi urangiye, [ibihaha] bibona ogisijeni na dioxyde de carbone irasohoka, ariko kuri ibyo, ifite ibirometero ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'imiyoboro y'amaraso na capillaries, ahantu hato cyane… ni igitangaza.” umushakashatsi mukuru mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’ibihaha mu Budage.Ati: "None se ni gute dushobora gusuzuma ikintu kitoroshye nka COVID-19 tutarimbuye ingingo?"
Jonigk na Ackermann bari bakeneye ikintu kitigeze kibaho: urukurikirane rwa x-imirasire yingingo imwe yatuma abashakashatsi bagura ibice byurwego kugeza murwego rwa selile.Muri Werurwe 2020, Abadage bombi bavuganye na Peter Lee bakoranye igihe kirekire, umuhanga mu bikoresho akaba n’umuyobozi w’ikoranabuhanga rishya muri UCL.Umwihariko wa Lee ni ubushakashatsi bwibikoresho byibinyabuzima ukoresheje X-ray ikomeye, nuko ibitekerezo bye bihita byerekeza kuri Alpes yo mubufaransa.
Ikigo cy’ibihugu by’i Burayi cyitwa Synchrotron Imirasire giherereye ku butaka bwa mpandeshatu mu gice cy’amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Grenoble, aho inzuzi ebyiri zihurira.Ikintu ni umuvuduko wihuta wohereza electron mukuzenguruka kuzenguruka igice cya kilometero z'uburebure hafi yumuvuduko wurumuri.Mugihe izo electron zizunguruka mu ruziga, magnesi zikomeye muri orbit zirwanya urujya n'uruza rw'ibice, bigatuma electron zisohora zimwe mu mirasire X-yaka cyane ku isi.
Iyi mirasire ikomeye ituma ESRF kuneka ibintu kuri micrometero cyangwa na nanometero.Bikunze gukoreshwa mukwiga ibikoresho nka alloys hamwe nibigize, kwiga imiterere ya molekile ya poroteyine, ndetse no kubaka ibisigazwa bya kera bitarinze gutandukanya amabuye n'amagufwa.Ackermann, Jonigk na Lee bifuzaga gukoresha igikoresho kinini kugira ngo bafate x-imirasire irambuye ku isi.
Injira Taforo, umurimo we muri ESRF wasunitse imbibi zibyo scanning ya synchrotron ishobora kubona.Amayeri menshi atangaje yari yemereye abahanga gushishoza imbere yamagi ya dinosaur kandi hafi yo guca mumyiyumu, kandi ako kanya Taforo yemeje ko syncrotrons ishobora gusuzumisha neza ibihaha byose.Ariko mubyukuri, gusikana ingingo zose zabantu ni ikibazo gikomeye.
Ku ruhande rumwe, hari ikibazo cyo kugereranya.X-imirasire isanzwe ikora amashusho ukurikije uko imirasire yibikoresho bitandukanye ikurura, hamwe nibintu biremereye bikurura kuruta ibyoroshye.Uturemangingo tworoheje tugizwe nibintu byoroheje - karubone, hydrogène, ogisijeni, nibindi - kuburyo bitagaragara neza kuri x-ray yubuvuzi gakondo.
Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye kuri ESRF ni uko urumuri rwa X-ray rwuzuzanya cyane: urumuri rugenda mumiraba, naho kubijyanye na ESRF, X-ray zose zitangirira kumurongo umwe no guhuza, guhora kunyeganyega, nkibirenge byasigaye na Reik unyuze mu busitani bwa zen.Ariko nkuko iyi X-imirasire inyura mubintu, itandukaniro ryoroshye mubucucike rishobora gutuma buri X-ray itandukana gato ninzira, kandi itandukaniro ryoroha kubimenya mugihe X-ray igenda kure yikintu.Gutandukana birashobora kwerekana itandukaniro rito cyane mubintu, kabone niyo byaba bigizwe nibintu byoroheje.
Ariko gushikama nikindi kibazo.Kugirango ufate urukurikirane rwinshi rwa x-imirasire, urugingo rugomba gushyirwaho muburyo bwa kamere kugirango rudashobora kunama cyangwa kwimuka kurenza igihumbi cya milimetero.Byongeye kandi, x-imirasire ikurikiranye yingingo imwe ntabwo izahuza.Ntawabura kuvuga, ariko, umubiri urashobora guhinduka cyane.
Lee nitsinda rye muri UCL bari bagamije gukora kontineri zishobora kwihanganira X-imirasire ya synchrotron mugihe ikomeza kureka imiraba myinshi ishoboka.Lee kandi yakemuye gahunda rusange yuwo mushinga - urugero, ibisobanuro birambuye byo gutwara ingingo z’abantu hagati y’Ubudage n’Ubufaransa - maze aha akazi Walsh, inzobere mu mibare minini y’ibinyabuzima, kugira ngo amufashe kumenya uburyo bwo gusesengura scan.Tugarutse mu Bufaransa, akazi ka Taforo karimo kunoza uburyo bwo gusikana no kumenya uburyo bwo kubika urugingo muri kontineri ikipe ya Lee yubakaga.
Tafforo yari azi ko kugirango ingingo zidashobora kubora, kandi amashusho agasobanuka neza bishoboka, agomba gutunganywa nibice byinshi bya Ethanol y'amazi.Yari azi kandi ko akeneye guhagarika urugingo ku kintu gihuye neza n'ubucucike bw'urugingo.Umugambi we wari uwo gushyira ingingo muri agar ikungahaye kuri Ethanol, ibintu bimeze nka jele yakuwe mubyatsi byo mu nyanja.
Nyamara, satani ari muburyo burambuye - nko mu Burayi bwinshi, Taforo yagumye mu rugo arafunga.Taforo rero yimuye ubushakashatsi bwe muri laboratoire yo murugo: Yamaze imyaka ataka igikoni cyahoze gifite ubunini buciriritse hamwe nicapiro rya 3D, ibikoresho bya chimie nibikoresho byifashishwa mugutegura amagufwa yinyamaswa kubushakashatsi bwa anatomique.
Taforo yakoresheje ibicuruzwa biva mu iduka ryaho kugira ngo amenye uko akora agar.Ndetse akusanya amazi y'imvura hejuru y'inzu aherutse gusukura kugirango akore amazi ya demineralisation, ikintu gisanzwe muri laboratoire yo mu rwego rwa laboratoire.Kugira ngo yimenyereze gupakira ingingo muri agar, yakuye amara y'ingurube mu ibagiro ryaho.
Taforo yahanaguweho gusubira muri ESRF hagati muri Gicurasi kugira ngo isuzume ibihaha bya mbere by’ingurube.Kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Kamena, yateguye kandi asikana ibihaha by'ibumoso by'umusore w'imyaka 54 wapfuye azize COVID-19, Ackermann na Jonig bavanye mu Budage bajya i Grenoble.
Ati: "Mbonye ishusho ya mbere, muri email yanjye hari ibaruwa isaba imbabazi abantu bose bagize uruhare muri uyu mushinga: twaratsinzwe kandi sinshobora kubona scan yo mu rwego rwo hejuru".Ati: "Mboherereje gusa amashusho abiri yanteye ubwoba ariko akomeye kuri bo."
Kuri Lee wo muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Los Angeles, amashusho aratangaje: amashusho yingingo zose zisa na scan yubuvuzi busanzwe bwa CT, ariko "inshuro miriyoni itanga amakuru."Ninkaho umushakashatsi yize ishyamba ubuzima bwe bwose, haba kuguruka hejuru yishyamba mu ndege nini yindege, cyangwa gutembera munzira.Noneho bazamuka hejuru yigitereko nkinyoni ziri kumababa.
Iri tsinda ryashyize ahagaragara ibisobanuro byabo byuzuye byerekana uburyo HiP-CT mu Gushyingo 2021, abashakashatsi banashyira ahagaragara ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo COVID-19 igira ingaruka ku bwoko bumwe na bumwe bwo kuzenguruka mu bihaha.
Gusikana kandi byagize inyungu zitunguranye: byafashaga abashakashatsi kumvisha inshuti nimiryango gukingirwa.Mugihe gikabije cya COVID-19, imiyoboro myinshi yamaraso mu bihaha isa niyagutse kandi yabyimbye, kandi ku rugero ruto, imitsi idasanzwe yimitsi mito irashobora kubaho.
Tafolo yagize ati: "Iyo urebye imiterere y'ibihaha bivuye ku muntu wapfuye azize COVID, ntabwo bisa n'ibihaha - ni akajagari."
Yongeyeho ko no mu ngingo zifite ubuzima bwiza, isuzuma ryagaragaje ibimenyetso bifatika bitigeze byandikwa kuko nta rugingo rw’umuntu rwigeze rusuzumwa ku buryo burambuye.Hamwe n’amafaranga arenga miliyoni y’amadorali yatanzwe na Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (umuryango udaharanira inyungu washinzwe n’umuyobozi mukuru wa Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg n’umugore wa Zuckerberg, umuganga Priscilla Chan), itsinda rya HiP-CT kuri ubu ririmo gukora icyitwa atlas y’ingingo z’abantu.
Kugeza ubu, iri tsinda rimaze gusohora ibice bitanu - umutima, ubwonko, impyiko, ibihaha, hamwe n’umugongo - bishingiye ku ngingo zatanzwe na Ackermann na Jonigk mu gihe cyo kwisuzumisha COVID-19 mu Budage ndetse n’urwego “kugenzura” ubuzima LADAF.Laboratoire ya Anatomique ya Grenoble.Iri tsinda ryakoze amakuru, ndetse na firime zo kuguruka, zishingiye ku makuru aboneka ku buntu kuri interineti.Atlas yinzego zabantu iraguka byihuse: izindi ngingo 30 zarasuzumwe, izindi 80 ziri mubyiciro bitandukanye byo kwitegura.Li yavuze ko amatsinda agera kuri 40 atandukanye y’ubushakashatsi yavuganye nitsinda kugira ngo amenye byinshi kuri ubwo buryo.
UCL yumutima wumutima Cook abona ubushobozi bukomeye mugukoresha HiP-CT kugirango yumve anatomiya yibanze.Umuhanga mu bya radiyo UCL, Joe Jacob, inzobere mu ndwara z’ibihaha, yavuze ko HiP-CT “izaba ingirakamaro mu gusobanukirwa indwara,” cyane cyane mu nzego eshatu nk'imiyoboro y'amaraso.
Ndetse n'abahanzi bagiye mu makimbirane.Barney Steele wo mu mujyi wa Londres ufite ubunararibonye mu buhanzi bwa Marshmallow Laser Feast avuga ko arimo gukora iperereza ku buryo amakuru ya HiP-CT ashobora gushakishwa mu byukuri.Ati: "Muri rusange, turimo gukora urugendo tunyuze mu mubiri w'umuntu".
Ariko nubwo amasezerano yose ya HiP-CT, hariho ibibazo bikomeye.Walsh avuga ko icya mbere, scan ya HiP-CT itanga “umubare utangaje w'amakuru,” byoroshye terabyte kuri buri rugingo.Kugira ngo abaganga bemere gukoresha scan mu isi nyayo, abashakashatsi bizeye ko bazashyiraho interineti ishingiye ku gicu kugira ngo bayigendere, nka Google Ikarita y’umubiri w’umuntu.
Bakeneye kandi koroshya guhindura scan muburyo bwa 3D bukora.Kimwe nuburyo bwose bwa CT scan, HiP-CT ikora ifata ibice 2D bya 2D yikintu runaka hanyuma ukabishyira hamwe.No muri iki gihe, ibyinshi muribi bikorwa bikorwa nintoki, cyane cyane iyo bisikana ingirabuzimafatizo zidasanzwe cyangwa zirwaye.Lee na Walsh bavuga ko itsinda rya HiP-CT ryibanze ari ugutezimbere uburyo bwo kwiga imashini zishobora koroshya iki gikorwa.
Izi mbogamizi zizaguka uko atlas yingingo zabantu yaguka kandi abashakashatsi bakarushaho kwifuza.Itsinda rya HiP-CT rikoresha ibikoresho bya ESRF bigezweho, byitwa BM18, kugirango bikomeze gusikana ingingo z'umushinga.BM18 itanga urumuri runini rwa X-ray, bivuze ko gusikana bifata igihe gito, kandi icyuma gipima X-ray gishobora gushyirwa kuri metero 125 (metero 38) uvuye kukintu gisikanwa, bigatuma gisikana neza.Ibisubizo bya BM18 bimaze kuba byiza cyane, nk'uko Taforo wavuze ko yakuyeho bimwe mu byitegererezo by'umwimerere bya Organ Organ Atlas kuri sisitemu nshya.
BM18 irashobora kandi gusikana ibintu binini cyane.Hamwe n'ikigo gishya, itsinda rirateganya gusikana umubiri wose w'umubiri w'umuntu umwe mu mpera za 2023.
Avuga ku bushobozi buhanitse bw'ikoranabuhanga, Taforo yagize ati: “Mu byukuri turi mu ntangiriro.”
© 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC.Uburenganzira bwose burabitswe.