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Twakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'ubuso bwihariye ku mashanyarazi ya NiCo2O4 (NCO) kugirango tumenye glucose.NCO nanomateriali hamwe nubuso bwihariye bugenzurwa byakozwe na hydrothermal synthesis hamwe ninyongeramusaruro, hamwe no guteranya nanostructures hamwe na kirimbuzi, urushinge rwa pinusi, tremella nindabyo nka morphologie nabyo byakozwe.Agashya k'ubu buryo kari mu kugenzura gahunda yinzira yimiti yongeramo inyongeramusaruro zinyuranye mugihe cya synthesis, biganisha ku guhita habaho imiterere ya morphologie itandukanye nta tandukanyirizo ryimiterere ya kristu na chimique yibigize.Uku kugenzura imikorere ya NCO nanomateriali biganisha ku mpinduka zikomeye mumikorere yamashanyarazi ya glucose.Hamwe no kuranga ibintu, byaganiriweho isano iri hagati yubuso bwihariye nubushobozi bwamashanyarazi kugirango glucose ibone.Aka kazi karashobora gutanga ubumenyi bwubumenyi bwubuso bugereranya nanostructures igena imikorere yabyo ishobora gukoreshwa muri glucose biosensor.
Urwego glucose yamaraso itanga amakuru yingenzi kubyerekeranye na metabolike na physiologique yumubiri1,2.Kurugero, urugero rudasanzwe rwa glucose mumubiri rushobora kuba ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyibibazo bikomeye byubuzima, harimo diyabete, indwara zifata umutima, n'umubyibuho ukabije 3,4,5.Kubwibyo, gukurikirana buri gihe urugero rwisukari mu maraso ni ngombwa cyane mu kubungabunga ubuzima bwiza.Nubwo byagaragaye ko ubwoko butandukanye bwa sensor ya glucose ukoresheje physique-chimique yamenyekanye, ibyiyumvo buke hamwe nigihe cyo gusubiza bitinda bikomeje kuba inzitizi kuri sisitemu yo gukurikirana glucose ikomeza 6,7,8.Mubyongeyeho, kuri ubu ibyuma bizwi cyane bya electrochemic glucose sensor ishingiye kumyitwarire ya enzymatique iracyafite imbogamizi nubwo zifite inyungu zo gusubiza vuba, sensibilité nyinshi hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo guhimba9,10.Kubwibyo, ubwoko butandukanye bwimashanyarazi idafite ingufu za elegitoroniki yubushakashatsi bwakozweho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugirango hirindwe gutandukana kwa enzyme mugihe hagumijwe ibyiza bya biosensor yamashanyarazi9,11,12,13.
Inzibacyuho y’inzibacyuho (TMCs) ifite ibikorwa bya catalitiki ihagije bihagije kubijyanye na glucose, ikagura urugero rwikoreshwa ryayo mumashanyarazi ya glucose yumuriro13,14,15.Kugeza ubu, ibishushanyo mbonera bitandukanye hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo guhuza TMS byasabwe kurushaho kunoza ibyiyumvo, guhitamo, hamwe n’amashanyarazi ya glucose yo gutahura glucose 16,17,18.Kurugero, ibyuma byinzibacyuho bidasobanutse nka oxyde y'umuringa (CuO) 11,19, okiside ya zinc (ZnO) 20, nikel oxyde (NiO) 21,22, oxyde ya cobalt (Co3O4) 23,24 na cerium oxyde (CeO2) 25 ni amashanyarazi akora cyane kubijyanye na glucose.Iterambere ryagezweho muri binary oxyde nka nikel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) kugirango tumenye glucose yerekanye izindi ngaruka zoguhuza mubijyanye no kongera amashanyarazi 26,27,28,29,30.By'umwihariko, ibihimbano byuzuye hamwe no kugenzura imikorere ya TMS hamwe na nanostructures zitandukanye birashobora kongera neza ibyiyumvo byo gutahura bitewe nubuso bunini bwabyo, bityo rero birasabwa cyane guteza imbere morfologiya igenzurwa na TMS kugirango glucose ibone neza 20,25,30,31,32, 33.34, 35.
Hano twatanze raporo ya NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanomaterial hamwe na morphologie zitandukanye zo kumenya glucose.NCO nanomateriali iboneka muburyo bworoshye bwa hydrothermal ukoresheje inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye, inyongeramusaruro nimwe mubintu byingenzi mukwiteranya kwa nanostructures ya morphologie zitandukanye.Twakoze iperereza kuri gahunda za NCOs hamwe na morphologie zitandukanye kumikorere ya electrochemic mumikorere ya glucose, harimo sensibilité, guhitamo, imipaka mike yo gutahura, hamwe nigihe kirekire gihamye.
Twashushanyije NCO nanomateriali (mu magambo ahinnye UNCO, PNCO, TNCO na FNCO) hamwe na microstructures isa n'inkari zo mu nyanja, inshinge za pinusi, tremella n'indabyo.Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana morphologie zitandukanye za UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO.Amashusho ya SEM n'amashusho ya EDS yerekanaga ko Ni, Co, na O byagabanijwe neza muri nanomaterial ya NCO, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1 na 2. S1 na S2.Ku mutini.2a, b yerekana abahagarariye TEM amashusho ya NCO nanomaterial hamwe na morphologie itandukanye.UNCO ni microsper yonyine yiteranya (diameter: ~ 5 µm) igizwe na nanowire hamwe na NCO nanoparticles (ubunini buke: 20 nm).Iyi microstructure idasanzwe iteganijwe gutanga ubuso bunini bwo koroshya ikwirakwizwa rya electrolyte no gutwara electron.Kwiyongera kwa NH4F na urea mugihe cya synthesis byatumye habaho microstructure ya acicular nini cyane (PNCO) 3 µm z'uburebure na 60 nm z'ubugari, igizwe na nanoparticles nini.Kwiyongera kwa HMT aho kuba NH4F bivamo ibisubizo bisa na morphologiya (TNCO) hamwe na nanosheets yuzuye.Kwinjiza NH4F na HMT mugihe cya synthesis biganisha ku kwegeranya nanosheets yegeranye yegeranye, bikavamo indabyo zimeze nkindabyo (FNCO).Ishusho ya HREM (Igishusho 2c) yerekana imirongo itandukanye yo gusya ifite intera ihwanye na 0.473, 0.278, 0.50, na 0.237 nm, ihuye nindege (111), (220), (311), na (222) NiCo2O4, s 27 .Agace katoranijwe ka elegitoroniki itandukanya (SAED) ya NCO nanomateriali (shyira ku gishushanyo cya 2b) nayo yemeje imiterere ya polycristaline ya NiCo2O4.Ibisubizo by'imfuruka ndende ya buri mwaka yijimye (HAADF) na ikarita ya EDS yerekana ko ibintu byose bigabanijwe neza muri nanomaterial ya NCO, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2d.
Igishushanyo cyerekana inzira yo gushiraho NiCo2O4 nanostructures hamwe na morphologie igenzurwa.Igishushanyo na SEM amashusho ya nanostructures zitandukanye nazo zirerekanwa.
Imiterere ya morfologiya nuburyo biranga NCO nanomaterial:.
X-ray itandukanya uburyo bwa NCO nanomateriali ya morphologie zitandukanye zerekanwa mubishushanyo.3a.Impinduka zingana kuri 18.9, 31.1, 36.6, 44,6, 59.1 na 64.9 ° zerekana indege (111), (220), (311), (400), (511) na (440) NiCo2O4, zifite cubic. imiterere ya spinel (JCPDS No 20-0781) 36. FT-IR yerekanwe ya nanomateriali ya NCO irerekanwa mumashusho.3b.Imirongo ibiri ikomeye yinyeganyeza mukarere hagati ya 555 na 669 cm - 1 ihuye na ogisijeni ya metani (Ni na Co) yakuwe muri tetrahedral na octahedral ya sitasiyo ya NiCo2O437.Kugirango usobanukirwe neza imiterere yimiterere ya NCO nanomaterial, Raman yerekanwe yabonetse nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3c.Impinga enye zagaragaye kuri 180, 459, 503, na 642 cm-1 zihuye na Raman uburyo F2g, E2g, F2g, na A1g ya spin ya NiCo2O4.Ibipimo bya XPS byakozwe kugirango hamenyekane imiterere yimiti yibintu muri NCO nanomaterial.Ku mutini.3d yerekana XPS ya UNCO.Ikirangantego cya Ni 2p gifite impinga ebyiri nyamukuru ziri ku mbaraga zihuza 854.8 na 872.3 eV, zihuye na Ni 2p3 / 2 na Ni 2p1 / 2, hamwe na satelite ebyiri zinyeganyega kuri 860.6 na 879.1 eV.Ibi byerekana ko leta ya Ni2 + na Ni3 + okiside muri NCO.Impinga hafi 855.9 na 873.4 eV ni iya Ni3 +, naho impinga igera kuri 854.2 na 871.6 eV ni Ni2 +.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Co2p igizwe na spin-orbit ebyiri zerekana impinga ziranga Co2 + na Co3 + kuri 780.4 (Co 2p3 / 2) na 795.7 eV (Co 2p1 / 2).Impinga kuri 796.0 na 780.3 eV ihuye na Co2 +, naho impinga kuri 794.4 na 779.3 eV ihuye na Co3 +.Twabibutsa ko leta ya polyvalent ion yicyuma (Ni2 + / Ni3 + na Co2 + / Co3 +) muri NiCo2O4 itera kwiyongera mubikorwa byamashanyarazi 37,38.Ni2p na Co2p yerekanwe kuri UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO yerekanye ibisubizo bisa, nkuko bigaragara mumitini.S3.Byongeye kandi, O1s yerekana ibintu byose bya NCO nanomateriali (Igicap. S4) yerekanaga impinga ebyiri kuri 592.4 na 531.2 eV, zari zifitanye isano n’icyuma gisanzwe cya ogisijeni na ogisijeni mu matsinda ya hydroxyl yo hejuru ya NCO, 39.Nubwo imiterere ya nanomaterial ya NCO isa, itandukaniro ryimiterere ya morphologique mubyongeweho ryerekana ko buri nyongeramusaruro ishobora kugira uruhare muburyo butandukanye bwimiti ikora NCO.Ibi bigenzura imbaraga zingirakamaro hamwe nintambwe yo gukura kwintete, bityo bikagenzura ingano nu ntera ya agglomeration.Rero, kugenzura ibipimo bitandukanye, harimo inyongeramusaruro, igihe cyo kubyitwaramo, nubushyuhe mugihe cya synthesis, birashobora gukoreshwa mugushushanya microstructure no kunoza imikorere yamashanyarazi ya NCO nanomaterial kugirango tumenye glucose.
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Imiterere ya nanomateriali ya NCO imenyereye ifitanye isano rya bugufi no gushiraho ibyiciro byambere byabonetse mubyongeweho bitandukanye byerekanwe kumashusho S5.Byongeye kandi, X-ray na Raman yerekanwe byerekana ibyitegererezo bishya (Ishusho ya S6 na S7a) byagaragaje ko uruhare rw’inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye zavuyemo itandukaniro rya kirisiti: Hydroxide ya Ni na Co yagaragaye cyane cyane mu nyanja no mu nshinge za pinusi, mu gihe nka ibyubatswe muburyo bwa tremella nindabyo byerekana ko hari hydroxide ya nikel na cobalt.FT-IR na XPS yerekana ingero zateguwe zerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 1 n'icya 2. S7b-S9 nayo itanga ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana itandukaniro rya kristu.Uhereye kubintu bifatika byintangarugero byateguwe, biragaragara ko inyongeramusaruro zigira uruhare mubitekerezo bya hydrothermal kandi bigatanga inzira zitandukanye zo kubona ibyiciro byambere hamwe na morphologie zitandukanye 40,41,42.Kwishyira hamwe kwa morphologie zitandukanye, bigizwe na nanowire imwe (1D) na nanosheets ebyiri (2D), bisobanurwa nuburyo butandukanye bwimiti yibyiciro byambere (Ni na Co ion, kimwe nitsinda rikora), hakurikiraho gukura kwa kristu42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. Mugihe cyo gutunganya nyuma yubushyuhe, ibyiciro bitandukanye byambere byahinduwe muri NCO spinel mugihe bikomeza morphologie yihariye, nkuko bigaragara mumashusho 1 na 2. 2 na 3a.
Itandukaniro rya morfologiya muri nanomateriali ya NCO irashobora kugira ingaruka kubutaka bukora amashanyarazi kugirango hamenyekane glucose, bityo bikagaragaza muri rusange ibiranga amashanyarazi muri sensor ya glucose.N2 BET adsorption-desorption isotherm yakoreshejwe mukugereranya ubunini bwa pore nubuso bwihariye bwa NCO nanomaterial.Ku mutini.4 yerekana BET isotherms ya NCO nanomateriali zitandukanye.Ubuso bwihariye bwa BET kuri UNCO, PNCO, TNCO na FNCO bwagereranijwe kuri 45.303, 43.304, 38.861 na 27.260 m2 / g.UNCO ifite ubuso bunini bwa BET (45.303 m2 g-1) nubunini bunini bwa pore (0.2849 cm3 g-1), kandi gukwirakwiza pore ni nto.Ibisubizo BET kuri nanomateriali ya NCO bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. N2 adsorption-desorption umurongo wasaga cyane nubwoko bwa IV isothermal hysteresis loop, byerekana ko ingero zose zari zifite imiterere ya mesoporous48.Mesoporous UNCOs ifite ubuso buhanitse hamwe nubunini bwa pore biteganijwe ko izatanga imbuga nyinshi zikora kuri redox reaction, biganisha kumikorere yamashanyarazi.
Ibisubizo byiza kuri (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, na (d) FNCO.Inet yerekana ingano ya pore ikwirakwizwa.
Isuzuma rya electrochemical redox reaction ya NCO nanomaterial hamwe na morphologie zitandukanye zo kumenya glucose byasuzumwe hakoreshejwe ibipimo bya CV.Ku mutini.5 yerekana imirongo ya CV ya nanomateriali ya NCO muri 0.1 M NaOH alkaline electrolyte hamwe na glucose ya mM 5 kuri scan ya 50 mVs-1.Mugihe glucose idahari, impinga ya redox yagaragaye kuri 0.50 na 0.35 V, ihuye na okiside ifitanye isano na M - O (M: Ni2 +, Co2 +) na M * -O-OH (M *: Ni3 +, Co3 +).ukoresheje OH anion.Nyuma yo kongeramo glucose ya mM 5, reaction ya redox hejuru ya nanomaterial ya NCO yiyongereye cyane, bishobora guterwa na okiside ya glucose kuri gluconolactone.Igicapo S10 cerekana amashanyarazi ya redox kuri scan igipimo cya 5–100 mV s-1 muri 0.1 M NaOH igisubizo.Biragaragara ko impanuka ya redox iriyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa scan, byerekana ko nanomaterial ya NCO ifite ikwirakwizwa risa n’imyitwarire ya electrochemic 50,51.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya S11, ubuso bw’amashanyarazi (ECSA) bwa UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO bugera kuri 2.15, 1.47, 1.2, na 1.03 cm2.Ibi byerekana ko UNCO ari ingirakamaro mugikorwa cya electrocatalytic, korohereza kumenya glucose.
Imirongo ya CV ya (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, na (d) electrode ya FNCO idafite glucose kandi yongerwamo glucose ya mM 5 kuri scan ya 50 mVs-1.
Hakozwe iperereza ku mashanyarazi ya NCO nanomateriali ya NCO kugirango hamenyekane glucose kandi ibisubizo byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6. Ubukangurambaga bwa glucose bwagenwe nuburyo bwa CA hiyongereyeho intambwe zitandukanye za glucose (0.01-6 mM) muri 0.1 M NaOH igisubizo kuri 0.5 V hamwe nintera ya 60 s.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.6a - d, NCO nanomateriali yerekana sensitivité zitandukanye kuva kuri 84.72 kugeza 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 hamwe na coefficient nyinshi zifitanye isano (R2) kuva 0.99 kugeza 0.993.Calibration curve hagati ya glucose yibanze hamwe nubu reaction ya NCO nanomateriali irerekanwa mugitabo.S12.Imipaka yabazwe yo gutahura (LOD) ya nanomaterial ya NCO yari murwego rwa 0.0623–0.0783 µM.Ukurikije ibyavuye mu kizamini cya CA, UNCO yerekanye sensibilité yo hejuru (116.33 μA mM-1 cm-2) mu buryo bwagutse.Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa nuburyo bwihariye bwo mu nyanja imeze nka morphologie, igizwe nuburyo bwa mesoporous hamwe nubuso bunini bwihariye butanga ahantu henshi hakorerwa amoko ya glucose.Imikorere y'amashanyarazi ya nanomateriali ya NCO yerekanwe mu mbonerahamwe ya S1 yemeza imikorere myiza ya glucose yerekana amashanyarazi ya NCO nanomateriali ya NCO yateguwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.
CA ibisubizo bya UNCO (a), PNCO (b), TNCO (c), na electrode ya FNCO (d) hamwe na glucose yongewe kuri 0.1 M NaOH igisubizo kuri 0.50 V. Ibyinjijwe byerekana kalibrasi yumurongo wibisubizo byubu bya NCO nanomaterial: (e ) KA ibisubizo bya UNCO, (f) PNCO, (g) TNCO, na (h) FNCO hiyongereyeho intambwe ya 1 mM glucose na 0.1 mM bivanga (LA, DA, AA, na UA).
Ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kwivanga kwa glucose ni ikindi kintu cyingenzi muguhitamo no guhitamo glucose muguhuza ibice.Ku mutini.6e - h yerekana ubushobozi bwo kurwanya interineti ya NCO nanomateriali muri 0.1 M NaOH igisubizo.Molekile zisanzwe zibangamira nka LA, DA, AA na UA zatoranijwe kandi zongerwa kuri electrolyte.Igisubizo cyubu cya NCO nanomateriali kuri glucose kiragaragara.Nyamara, igisubizo kiriho kuri UA, DA, AA na LA nticyahindutse, bivuze ko nanomateriali ya NCO yerekanye uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo glucose ititaye kubitandukaniro ryabo.Igicapo S13 cerekana ituze rya NCO nanomateriali yasuzumwe nigisubizo ca CA muri 0.1 M NaOH, aho glucose 1 mM yongewe kuri electrolyte igihe kirekire (80.000 s).Ibisubizo biriho ubu UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO byari 98.6%, 97.5%, 98.4%, na 96.8%, muburyo bwambere, hiyongereyeho glucose ya mM 1 nyuma ya 80.000 s.Ibikoresho byose bya NCO byerekana redox reaction hamwe nubwoko bwa glucose mugihe kirekire.By'umwihariko, ibimenyetso bya UNCO muri iki gihe ntabwo byagumanye 97.1% gusa byambere byabanje, ahubwo byanagumanye imiterere y’imiterere n’imiterere y’imiti nyuma y’iminsi 7 y’ibizamini by’ibidukikije by’igihe kirekire (Ishusho S14 na S15a).Byongeye kandi, imyororokere n’imyororokere ya UNCO byageragejwe nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya S15b, c.Ibiharuro bibarwa bifatika (RSD) byororoka kandi bisubirwamo byari 2,42% na 2,14%, byerekana ko ushobora gukoreshwa nkurwego rwa glucose rukora inganda.Ibi byerekana imiterere n’imiterere ya UNCO mu bihe bya okiside kugirango glucose ibone.
Biragaragara ko imikorere yamashanyarazi ya NCO nanomateriali yo kumenya glucose ifitanye isano ahanini ninyungu zuburyo bwicyiciro cyambere cyateguwe nuburyo bwa hydrothermal hamwe ninyongeramusaruro (Ishusho S16).Ubuso burebure UNCO ifite ibibanza byamashanyarazi kurusha izindi nanostructures, ifasha kunoza reaction ya redox hagati yibikoresho bikora na glucose.Imiterere ya mesoporous ya UNCO irashobora kwerekana byoroshye imbuga za Ni na Co kuri electrolyte kugirango tumenye glucose, bikavamo igisubizo cyihuse cyamashanyarazi.Nanowire imwe-imwe muri UNCO irashobora kongera umuvuduko wo gukwirakwiza mugutanga inzira ngufi zo gutwara ion na electron.Kubera imiterere yihariye yimiterere yavuzwe haruguru, imikorere yamashanyarazi ya UNCO yo kumenya glucose iruta iya PNCO, TNCO, na FNCO.Ibi byerekana ko morphologie idasanzwe ya UNCO ifite ubuso buhanitse hamwe nubunini bwa pore irashobora gutanga imikorere myiza yamashanyarazi kugirango tumenye glucose.
Ingaruka yubuso bwihariye kubiranga amashanyarazi ya NCO nanomateriali yakozwe.NCO nanomateriali hamwe nubuso butandukanye bwubuso bwabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwa hydrothermal hamwe ninyongera zitandukanye.Inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye mugihe cya synthesis zinjira mubitekerezo bitandukanye bya shimi kandi bigakora ibyiciro bitandukanye byambere.Ibi byatumye habaho kwishyira hamwe kwa nanostructures zitandukanye hamwe na morphologie isa nuruzitiro, urushinge rwa pinusi, tremella, nindabyo.Nyuma yubushyuhe bukurikiraho biganisha kumiterere isa na christaline NCO nanomateriali ifite imiterere ya spinel mugihe ikomeza morphologie idasanzwe.Ukurikije ubuso bwubuso bwa morphologie zitandukanye, imikorere yamashanyarazi ya NCO nanomateriali yo kumenya glucose yaratejwe imbere cyane.By'umwihariko, glucose sensibilité ya NCO nanomateriali hamwe na morphologie yo mu nyanja yiyongereye igera kuri 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 hamwe na coefficient ihanitse (R2) ya 0,99 mumurongo wa 0.01-6 mM.Aka kazi karashobora gutanga urufatiro rwa siyanse yubuhanga bwa morphologie kugirango uhindure ubuso bwihariye kandi urusheho kunoza imikorere yamashanyarazi yimikorere ya biosensor idasanzwe.
Ni. DA), L-ascorbic aside (AA) na aside uric (UA) byaguzwe muri Sigma-Aldrich.Reagent zose zakoreshejwe zari murwego rwo gusesengura kandi zarakoreshejwe nta yandi masuku.
NiCo2O4 yashizwemo nuburyo bworoshye bwa hydrothermal bukurikirwa no kuvura ubushyuhe.Muri make: mmol 1 ya nitrate ya nikel (Ni (NO3) 2 ∙ 6H2O) na mmol 2 ya nitrate ya cobalt (Co (NO3) 2 ∙ 6H2O) yashonga muri ml 30 y'amazi yatoboye.Kugirango ugenzure morphologie ya NiCo2O4, inyongeramusaruro nka urea, fluor ammonium na hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) byongeweho guhitamo igisubizo cyavuzwe haruguru.Uruvange rwose rwahise rwimurirwa muri ml 50 ya autoclave ya Teflon hanyuma ikorerwa hydrothermal reaction mu ziko rya convection kuri 120 ° C. mumasaha 6.Nyuma yo gukonjesha bisanzwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba, imvura yavuyemo yashizwemo hanyuma yozwa inshuro nyinshi n'amazi yatoboye hamwe na Ethanol, hanyuma yumisha ijoro ryose kuri 60 ° C.Nyuma yibyo, ingero zateguwe vuba zabazwe kuri 400 ° C kuri 4 h mu kirere kidasanzwe.Ibisobanuro byubushakashatsi byerekanwe murutonde rwinyongera Imbonerahamwe S2.
Isesengura rya X-ray (XRD, X'Pert-Pro MPD; PANalytical) ryakozwe hakoreshejwe imirasire ya Cu-Kα (λ = 0.15418 nm) kuri 40 kV na 30 mA kugirango bige imiterere yimiterere ya nanomateriali zose za NCO.Uburyo bwo gutandukanya bwanditswe mu ntera ya 2θ 10-80 ° hamwe n'intambwe ya 0.05 °.Isuzuma rya morphologie na microstructure ryasuzumwe hifashishijwe microscopi ya elegitoronike yo mu kirere (FESEM; Nova SEM 200, FEI) hamwe na scanning yohereza electron microscopie (STEM; TALOS F200X, FEI) hamwe na X-ray yerekana amashanyarazi (EDS).Imiterere ya valence yubuso yasesenguwe na X-ray yifoto yerekana amashanyarazi (XPS; PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, ULVAC PHI) ikoresheje imirasire ya Al Kα (hν = 1486,6 eV).Ingufu zihuza zahinduwe hifashishijwe impinga ya C 1 s kuri 284.6 eV nkibisobanuro.Nyuma yo gutegura ingero ku bice bya KBr, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) yanditswemo murwego rwa wavenumber hagati ya cm 1500-400 cm - 1 kuri ecran ya Jasco-FTIR-6300.Ikirangantego cya Raman nacyo cyabonetse hifashishijwe icyerekezo cya Raman (Horiba Co, Ubuyapani) hamwe na laser ya He-Ne (632.8 nm) nkisoko ishimishije.Brunauer-Emmett-Umucuruzi (BET; BELSORP mini II, MicrotracBEL, Corp.) yakoresheje isesengura rya BELSORP mini II (MicrotracBEL Corp.) kugirango apime ubushyuhe buke N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms kugirango agereranye ubuso bwihariye nubunini bwa pore.
Ibipimo byose byamashanyarazi, nka cyclic voltammetry (CV) na chronoamperometry (CA), byakorewe kuri potentiostat ya PGSTAT302N (Metrohm-Autolab) mubushyuhe bwicyumba hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya electrode eshatu muri 0.1 M NaOH igisubizo cyamazi.Electrode ikora ishingiye kuri electrode ya karubone yikirahure (GC), electrode ya Ag / AgCl, hamwe na plaque platine yakoreshejwe nka electrode ikora, electrode yerekana, na compte electrode.CV zanditswe hagati ya 0 na 0,6 V ku gipimo gitandukanye cya scan ya 5-100 mV s-1.Gupima ECSA, CV yakorewe murwego rwa 0.1-0.2 V ku bipimo bitandukanye byo gusikana (5-100 mV s-1).Shakisha icyitegererezo cya CA reaction ya glucose kuri 0.5 V hamwe no gukurura.Kugirango upime ibyiyumvo no guhitamo, koresha glucose 0,01-6 mM, 0.1 mM LA, DA, AA, na UA muri 0.1 M NaOH.Imyororokere ya UNCO yageragejwe hakoreshejwe electrode eshatu zitandukanye zongerwaho glucose ya mM 5 mubihe byiza.Isubiramo ryanagenzuwe no gukora ibipimo bitatu hamwe na electrode imwe ya UNCO mu masaha 6.
Amakuru yose yatanzwe cyangwa yasesenguwe muri ubu bushakashatsi akubiye muri iyi ngingo yatangajwe (na dosiye yamakuru yinyongera).
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